Wisconsin Vs Yoder Essays - Amish, Peace Churches, Simple Living

Wisconsin Vs Yoder The Case of Wisconsin vs. Yoder (Docket #70-110) goes back to the year 1972. Jonas Yoder and Wallace Miller were both members of the Amish religion. Adin Yutzy, also prosecuted under the Wisconsin law, represented the Conservative Amish Mennonite Church. The reason for prosecution was because there was a law that stated all children must attend public school until the age of sixteen. The three parents, all being Amish, refused to obey such a law and pulled their children out of school after the 8th grade. Their argument was that the high school attendance was contrary to their religious beliefs. The state of Wisconsin disagreed and challenged this case to the United States Supreme Court. The basic constitutional amendment that is being argued here is the freedom of religion. The case was argued on December 8, 1971 and was eventually decided on May 15, 1972. Each side had a perfectly good reason as to why they were right. The defense, (represented as being Yoder), said that the law basically threatens their religious way of life. In their opinion, the only teachings they needed were that of what they had already received up until the 8th grade. They also said that Amish parents provide training from an early age through young adults, teaching them the skills necessary to be farmers, or other skills, i.e., carpenters and parents. This training supposedly prepares them for a much better life as an Amish adult than what they would receive in formal schooling. On the state's side, however, their views were much different. The state was simply enforcing a law that requires children be enrolled in school until the age of sixteen. The state's other argument was that the extra schooling prepared the children for adult life. In response the defendants found it unnecessary and unjust. The state came back with the question of what will happen to the children if they leave their Amish community. In a 6-to-1 decision, the Court decided that the individual's interest in the free exercise of religion under the First Amendment outweighed the State's interests in convincing school attendance past 8th grade. The Court found that the values and programs of secondary school were in sharp conflict with the fundamental mode of life mandated by the Amish religion, and that an additional one or two years of high school would not produce the benefits of public education cited by Wisconsin to justify the law. In the opinion of Chief Justice Burger: ?The Amish have a legitimate reason for removing their children from school prior to their attending high school. The qualities emphasized higher education (self-distinction, competitiveness, scientific accomplishment, etc.) are contrary to Amish values. Additionally, attendance in high school hinders the Amish community by depriving them of the labor of their children and limiting their ability to instill appropriate values in their adolescents. A state's interest in universal education must be balanced against the legitimate claims of special groups of people. The State cites two interests in compulsory education: to create a citizenry to participate in our political system and to prepare self-supportive people. The Court agrees with the Amish that an additional one or two years of education will not significantly affect either of these interests.?

Employee Attraction and Retention in the Australian Resource Sector

Employee Attraction and Retention in the Australian Resource Sector The article presents three arguments to the reader. First, it argues that organizational practices and changes in certain external factors affect attraction and retention of employees. The main challenges faced by organizations are due to changes in laws that govern industrial relations.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Employee Attraction and Retention in the Australian Resource Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, it argues that good organizational practices are important in attraction and retention of skilled employees. Thirdly, the article argues that it is necessary for organizations to diversify their workforce and address issues regarding balance between work and life for employees in order to attract and retain them. These arguments are built upon using a research study conducted in 2009. The study provides responses from employees concerning challenges they face at their workplaces, strategi es that managers use to attract and retain employees, and challenges managers face in attracting and retaining employees. The research also investigated how employees in the resource sector in Australia perceive the influence of changes in legislation. The article uses evidence of examination of strategise that can help to attract employees to advance the arguments. Such strategies include good employment practices and employee involvement in the resource sector. Finally, the article uses evidence form literature on attraction and retention of employees and good employment practices to further the arguments. The arguments presented in this paper are convincing because the evidence they present to build on them are reliable and valid. The survey presents data obtained from employees’ responses to questions whose answers validated the arguments. For example, the literature reviewed by authors of the article included past studies conducted by government agencies and professional writers. The article cites information from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). There are also citations from various writers such as Crawford, Frith, Cooper, Bailey et. al, and Knox who are professional and reliable writers. Information obtained from Australian Mines and Metals Association (AMMA) and The Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU) gives reason to believe that the information is accurate and applicable. The authors also cite literature from different professional authors who have studied the subject of employee attraction and retention for many years. They have also conducted several studies relating to the topic in past years.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, they cite the works of Vanderberg et al., Guest, Boxall, and Mackay that studies the role of high involvement work systems in retention of employees. In addition, they cite the works of Beauregard Henry, O’Halloran, and Erickson and Gratton that explore the role played by good employment practices in attracting and retaining skilled employees. The arguments could be improved by providing more statistical data from past research studies. This could include studies and surveys conducted by authors whose works have been cited in the article. In addition, the arguments could be improved by involving workers from other sectors of the economy. 97 % of workers who participated in the survey worked in either mining or gas and exploration industries. This could have resulted in biased results because other sectors of the economy were poorly represented. Evidence obtained from the survey is biased because it is not representative of all sizes of organizations. It focuses on medium sized and large corporations that have well-established human resource divisions. They could have included small organizations whose human resource divisions are not well established. This would aid in eradicating bias and giving more accurate and reliable information and data.

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management - Assignment Example 1. First is to have a fully autonomous council. This scenario allows for full control by the local council on any program particulars. However, there are several risks involved. First, this will require experienced individuals in launching socio-civic programs to execute a big social change. Secondly, it requires significant funding. This will either require finding a big sponsor, major government funding or launch mega projects to generate funds adding project complexity. Given the risks and enormous scope, this is a pessimistic option to be chosen. 2. Another scenario is to partner with national organizations on chewing gum litter control. Currently there are established groups effectively addressing the issue on a national level and are looking for local city councils to partner with and execute their programs. While this is a low-risk scenario, it maybe limiting the group from doing particular action steps that maybe tailor-fitted to the city. This is an optimistic scenario with limitations. 3. The last option would be a hybrid scenario of the first two. This has some amount of risk in terms of generating funding, but not as huge as that of option one. There can be starting capital from partnership with a national organization and the team can spring board from there to tailor fit more effective programs to address the chewing gum issue on a local scale. Thus, it is recommended to formulate a hybrid program that partners with a national organization against chewing gum litter while having its own strategies adapted locally II. Project Organization Illustrated in figure 4 is the proposed project organization while table 1 lists the roles, responsibilities and skills required of each member. In addition to this team, the stake holders of the project are also important. They will comprise the project board. They will be representatives of the local city council on ways and means, local city council on law and governance, city council on budget, a member from the cleanliness civic group and a representative from the national organiza

America History19th Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

America History19th Paper 1 - Essay Example While Smith’s religion has more of a substantial legacy, it was Prophet Matthias that made the headlines. The cult or ‘Kingdom of Matthias† the ideals of sexuality in the early 19th century. Historically the United States had a strong base in the freedom of religion and Protestantism. It was during the 1820s that smaller groups began to separate from the traditional and entered into the heretical. The Finneyites began great revivals that upended many of the long established customs regarding sexuality, religion, and politics. Theses followers shunned traditional Calvinist beliefs and strove to create an atmosphere that was governed by each individual versus a pre-ordained destiny.(23) It was not because of their beliefs, but the members of the movement that upset many. These were the middle and upper class citizens with aversion for many of the traditional beliefs. These men and women believed in abolishing many of the patriarchal beliefs and lifestyles that many Americans were living. When many started to protest against the Finneyites way of living, Prophet Matthias saw his chance. For many of the established branches, the woman’s place was in the home as a faithful servant to her husband and children. Not one to speak out or cause a stir, women were to bide by their husbands command and lead a spiritual life. It was during this time that some small groups of women started to stand up against the patriarchal beliefs and start to pursue their own religious opportunities. One such woman was Isabella van Wagenen, a servant who moved to Bowery Hill with who was James Latourette’s servant. Ms. Wagenen had been a slave and believed to have spoken with God since childhood.(53) When invited to the Bowery Hill Asylum created by Elijah and Sarah Pierson by two fellow women, she joined only to refuse the teachings. Oddly she decided to stay on with the Piersons and acted as an at will housekeeper. Women during this

Introduction to the Health Professions I US Health Care System Summary Essay

Introduction to the Health Professions I US Health Care System Summary - Essay Example This high cost is mainly caused by the stakeholders, system failures, fraud, overtreatment and lack of coordinated care. The health care scheme in the U.S. is faced with several strengths and weaknesses. The health care system in the U.S. is identified as one of the finest medical facilities (Stark 18). This is attributed by technological development and exemplary human resources. The health care experts in the country are also the best. The health care system in the country is also financed heavily in order to enhance its effectiveness. On the other hand, reforming the health care in the country is a critical issue because it will require capital. There are also medical mistakes that are often made during the treatment of individuals. In the United States, there are approximately 49 million individuals who are not medically insured (Niles 77). Most of these individuals are the poor individuals who do not have the ability to afford health insurance. The citizens in the United States are supposed to have medical cover in order to reduce the mortality rate in the country. It is quite evident that there is immense resistance in the US in regard to universal health care. This is attributed by the verity that it is a single-payer system. This asserts that the government is the only source of finance in the entire healthcare system. As stated above, the United States spends approximately $2.6 trillion on health care (Stark 12). This cost is exceptionally high as compared to the amount that is spent in the education sector. Research asserts that the aging of the U.S. population has a vast impact in the health care industry. This places additional pressure on the revenue support programs for elderly individuals (Stark 23). Based on a health care perspective, the older individuals in the society require prompt health services. There are three leading concerns in the health care industry including access, cost and quality (Niles 98). These problems

Vengeance In Shakespeare And Literature English Literature Essay

Vengeance In Shakespeare And Literature English Literature Essay Numerous dramas and works of literature by William Shakespeare are known for their intensely dramatic scenes. And because of violence enhancing the deaths of literature works, it is in favor for writers of literature to put much violence and death in their works and literature, after annotating Shakespeares use of revenge, and how it brings out the life of his plays. Shakespeares works use vengeance because it leads to the root of violence as well as draw excitement to readers, and by also showing the consequences of revenge, his works leave a notable and significant message that vengeance is not necessarily the best way to solve problems, and yet his use of vengeance in his works encourage the use of vengeance in literature. What is vengeance exactly? Vengeance is basically an infliction of injury, harm, or humiliation on a person who has been harmed by that person. Revenge and vengeance can be best described by the term an eye for an eye, a quotation from several passages of the Hebrew Bible (Leviticus 24:19-21, Exodus 21:22-25, and Deuteronomy19:21) in which a person who has injured the eye of another is obligated to give the value of his or her own eye in compensation. This mythological perspective is the main basis for many works of literature; most notable is that of Shakespeares Hamlet (DiYanni). The idea of vengeance for family honor causes great chaos and madness throughout the play Hamlet, and causes many more people who were beloved to get caught up in this circle of chaos, madness, and vengeance. Revenge causes the characters in Hamlet to act blindly and inattentively through anger and emotion, rather than through reasoning, intuition, and reliable thinking between actions and consequences. Based on the principle of an eye for an eye, this action is not always the best means to an end, nor is it righteous. The three characters Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet urged to avenge the deaths of their beloved fathers, whom were all murdered. All three characters acted on the emotion of rage driven by the thirst for revenge for their fathers deaths, and this led to the tragic death of both Laertes and Hamlet, and the rise of power for the Norwegian crowned prince Fortinbras who was heading for Denmark. This further leads to the perception that ones desire for vengeance can lead t o their downfall. Lost by his father, with all bonds of law, to our most valiant brother, provides information of Fortinbras, King of Norways, death which leads to the basis and understanding of how Fortinbrass thirst for vengeance arose (Hamlet I.ii.24-25). Fortinbras then aspires to recover the lands and power lost by his father as a way of honoring and avenging him (pinkmonkey). Polonius was an advisor to King Claudius and was a devoted member to Claudiuss ruling. Not only being a simple advisor, Polonius was the father to Laertes and Ophelia. How now! A rat? Dead, for a ducat, dead, gives detail of Prince Hamlet killing Polonius while he was secretly listening in on a conversation between Hamlet and his mother (Hamlet III.iv.25). Once Laertes figures out his fathers murder, he does not hesitate and proceeds for vengeance quite hastily. King Claudius asked Laertes, to show yourself youre your fathers son in deed more than words (Hamlet IV.vii.137-138). Laertes then replies back stating, to cut his throat ith , thus proving Laertess inner desire for retribution of the death of his father. As for Hamlet; after hearing of his fathers death, Hamlets initial reaction was not vengeful nor did a desire for retribution occur. Hamlet first fell into a state of melancholy and depression. Not until King Hamlets ghost reveals the truth to Hamlet that his whole melancholy and depressed attitude changes. King Hamlets Ghost says to Hamlet, Murder most foul, as in the best it is, but this most foul, strange and unnatural (Hamlet I.v.31-32). Hamlet then replies to his fathers ghost stating, Haste me to knowt that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may sweep me to my revenge, thus interpreting that a whole new drive for vengeance has arose. Hamlet is almost totally sure that his uncle King Claudius had killed his father in order to take the power of the throne of Denmark (Hamlet I.v.33-35). But unlike Fortinbras, Hamlet does not act quickly or hastily because he is paralyzed by his own indecision and fear (pinkmonkey). The inability for Hamlet to take immediat e action becomes his main obstacle throughout the play. Eventually Hamlet does get his revenge, but the irony in the play is that Hamlet, by fulfilling his revenge, has destroyed the family whose honor he sought to avenge, which is a major turn around in the whole work, and gives readers an inner depth of feeling to this work (pinkmonkey). Fortinbras, Hamlet, and Laertes are burdened with the responsibility of avenging the murders of their respective fathers. The most interesting fact about Shakespeares work in context, that most readers would overlook, is the fact that while both Hamlet and Laertes find themselves in similar situations, they do not respond to their situations in a corresponding way for revenge (Sexton). Their display for vengeance is quite significantly different. Hamlet spends much of the play plotting on ways to take vengeance against his fathers murderer and is held back by his fear, while Laertes, on the other hand, reacts to the news of his fathers murder very quickly and rapidly (Sexton). These differences are based on both Laertes and Hamlets personality, values, initiative, and anger, which are the building blocks and glue to all acts of vengeance. Laertes can be described as an inflexible person and has a different sense of honor. Laertes acts out of great aggressiveness and pure anger, while Hamlets code of honor, on the other hand, can be portrayed as extremely different, because throughout Shakespeares work. Hamlet attentively plots and questions himself on which course of action is the utmost proper and effective way for his act of vengeance to take forth. This continues to support the theory that different men tend to different acts when it comes to vengeance. Unfortunately, this decision leads to the death of them both. Rather than approach vengeance as a task to be carried out in the most acceptable fashion, Hamlet and Laertes brainwash in their heads that murder is the only means of revenge, which is portrayed as a sociologic al aspect in literature: that a means of vengeance, particularly to men, has to involve death (pinkmonkey). Whatever happened to placing itching powder in ones underwear? Or just plain out of forgiving them, as one is supposed to in The Bible? Society now refers to vengeance as mere violence and bloodshed. Overall the plays conclusion makes it clear that the great distinction between Hamlet and Laertes is quite significant to Shakespeare because it develops a conflict in his work, and leads to deeper questioning whether vengeance is truly the best means to an end. Another Shakespearian work that displays a theme of vengeance in literature is Macbeth. In Macbeth the characters Malcolm and Macduff portray a desire for retribution for the deaths of their loved ones, whom Macbeth has murdered in his thirst for tyranny. He has no children. All my pretty ones? Did you say all? O hell-kite! All? What, all my pretty chickens and their dam at one fell swoop, explores Macduffs grief for the loss of his wife and son (Macbeth IV. iii. 216-219). Tyrant, show the face! If thou beest slain and with no stroke of mine, my wife and childrens ghost will haunt me still, explains that Macduff considers that he has the right to carry out vengeance (Macbeth V.vii.15-17). He may just have the right towards an eye for an eye, but just because one has a right to an action, doesnt necessarily mean that taking that action is the utmost right thing to do. For every action there is a consequence. In Hamlet the consequences of vengeance are exceedingly displayed. Although it never directly states that vengeance is the best means to an end, one can easily interpret that vengeance is not the correct motive. Hamlet proves that vengeance leads to more death that could have easily been avoided. To further display the negative aspects are sacred books such as the Holy Bible. The Holy Bible gives great detail of avoiding vengeance, and is the major source of answer to the question of whether vengeance is the best means to an end through a mythological perspective. God speaks out in the Bible stating: It is mine to avenge; I will repay. In due time their foot will slip; their day of disaster is near and their doom rushes upon them, thus stating that God only has the right to avenge anyone, while we as his people do not the right to seek any vengeance (Deuteronomy 32:35; Romans 12:19; Hebrews 10:30). God says that he will take care of everything. God never accepts vengeance from impure motives, such as taking part in vengeance for emotional distress. In Psalm 94:1, the psalmist asks God to avenge the righteous, not in a sense of anger, but out of justice from God, whose judgments are perfect. Although vengeance is a sin, and causes a negative impact to our society, it should still be encouraged to be placed in works of literature, and maybe movies, thats if the people who view such movies are competent enough to not act out upon such viewings. Who doesnt like a good story filled with vengeance? Vengeance in literature can play the role of an end to a magnificent plot, a ground-breaking intro, or encouragement for a friend to get his hands off the PlayStation every once in a while. To further prove vengeances impact on literature take note of best-selling books: Grendel by John Gardner, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and how vengeance gives these works great value in the eyes of many readers. The Great Gatsby is basically the basic soap opera that ends with death, due to misunderstanding and the need of vengeance. In the Fitzgeralds work, George Wilsons wife, Myrtle, is killed in a car accident. And by just assuming that his wife was intentionally murdered, and that its the will of God for him to act put upon vengeance; he shoots Tom Gatsby while he is floating in the swimming pool. Tom Gatsbys death played the dramatic climax in Fitzgeralds work, leaving thoughts in the minds of readers as the story concludes. For instance, the most captivating quote was about the basis of Toms death and Georges revenge When a man gets killed I never like to get mixed up in it in any way. I keep out. When I was a young man it was differentI stuck with them to the endLet us learn to show friendship for a man when he is alive and not after he is dead (Fitzgerald, 147). By placing vengeance in literary context, Fitzgeralds work went from simplistic to captivating, in the eyes of many reade rs. Grendel by John Gardner possesses vengeance as well, and some may argue that it possesses greater value of vengeance than The Great Gatsby. Grendels mother and Beowulf display the best aspects of vengeance. Beowulf is assigned the task to slay Grendel, and cease his routinely devastating raids. The slaying of Grendel plays the role of vengeance, and also redemption within Gardners work. After her sons dismemberment Grendels mother also takes her place to seek revenge, although vengeance was not needed, for it was Grendel who had it coming. However, Grendels mother is still a mom who loves her child, and her task is to obtain vengeance for her son. This epic story reveals how vengeance can make literature into a visionary cinematic pleasure. Most great authors themselves promote vengeance in their work opposed to philosophers. Peter A. French is one of the many authors that defended vengeance and demonstrate its prevalence throughout our history and our literature -Although most moral philosophers reject vengeance as a barbaric sentiment, Peter French argues that it has fallen into disrepute without being seriously examined with respect to its real moral value. In beginning his philosophical examination of the virtues of vengeance, he investigates the use of vengeance themes in literature and popular culture. Literary works from the  Iliad  to  Hamlet  and modern film Westerns such as Clint Eastwoods Unforgiven  are reviewed in his exploration of the philosophical and ethical aspects of vengeance. He then concentrates on the conditions that could make acts of vengeance virtuous(kansaspress). Vengeance is the main foundation of a plethora of literary works, but most notable is that of Shakespeares. Vengeance plays a theme of most of Shakespeares plays, and is main component of its success. The portrayal of the consequences of vengeance shows that vengeance is most definitely not the best means to an end, and for those who are of Christianity, portray vengeance as a sin, because God strictly prohibits it. On the other hand vengeance, can be a positive impact in not just Western literature, but worldwide. By displaying vengeance in books, people can learn from mistakes, and speak towards their own thoughts on vengeance. Vengeance is an endless matter, and should also be endless theme of literature works throughout our time.

Our generation Essay

Throughout the past couple of centuries, our world has changed over a period of time. Everything has changed; generations, the way we live, nature and so much more. History is created every day, and at every moment without even realizing it. Our culture is a huge part of our everyday environment that we do not realize how incredibly significant they influence our lives. There are many important elements that have changed American society; for example the television. Television can be used as a tool to motivate learning and to increase awareness of public issues. Social Interaction, education, culture, and criminal exposure are some of the key reasons to why the television has played a significant role in our lives. In today’s modern culture, television has played a big role throughout people’s every day lives. We depend on TV for entertainment, news, education, culture, weather, sports, and so much more. Without the TV, our social interaction percentage would be low; because of the lack of topics. People these days, talk about TV shows, movies, and more, and without it, a lot of people would be anti social. While television is often criticized for isolating people, it can also bring them together. For example, Super Bowl parties and other events in which people congregate around the TV. During the month-long telecast of March Madness, fans gather at work, in bars and other places to compare brackets, view college basketball games, and discuss the results. In addition, some TV shows invite viewers to share their opinions by calling in or posting comments. Televisions have influenced education and teaching practices. Educators have had to adapt and provide lessons that not only educate but entertain the learner. It has been shown that attention spans have decreased since the prominence of television. Reading is not seen in the same esteem as in previous generations. Studies have shown that public television programs emphasize literacy development. Using engaging characters and interesting stories, shows like â€Å"Sesame Street,† and â€Å"Sid the Science Kid,† motivate children to learn, while other specialty channels, such as â€Å"Animal Planet† and â€Å"Discovery Channel†, also provide educational content in an entertaining way. Television also provides cultural experiences, which can help broaden viewers’ perspectives and increase tolerance and appreciation for different lifestyles.TV has the ability to create powerful capabilities, TV allows people especially adolescents to share cultural experience with one another. Shows like â€Å"National Geographic,† â€Å"House Hunters International,† and â€Å"The Amazing Race,† focus on life in parts of the world that may be unfamiliar to most Americans. Even shows that concentrate their efforts in the U.S., such as â€Å"Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives,† and â€Å"House Hunters,† can improve cultural awareness by highlighting the foods, housing trends and customs in different regions of the country. Lastly, the impact of television also serves to expose criminal activity. According to a 2011 article in †Time† magazine, the television show â€Å"America’s Most Wanted,† was â€Å"an unprecedented collaboration between law enforcement and television,† and led to the capture of 1,154 fugitives as a result of phone tips from TV viewers. Kevin Perkins, an assistant director of the FBI’s criminal investigation division told â€Å"Time,† the agency captured 17 of its most highly-ranked fugitives and also solved over 550 cases as a result of TV viewer tips. Perkins also says that they’ve captured suspects within minutes of an episode airing on TV. Also the news; today these days, there are many news channels to inform us on what is happening around the world. Without the news, we would often wonder what is happening, despite the advantage of also having social media,it is often not reliable nor true. References: Time.com: The End of American’s Most Wanted: Good News for Criminals, Bad News for the FBI. To conclude., throughout the past hundred of years, our world has changed over a period of time; generations, the way we live, nature, and more. History is created ever day, and at every moment without even realizing it. Our culture is a huge part of our every day environment that we do not realize how incredibly significant they influence our lives. One important element; the television has changed American society. Social Interaction, education, culture, and criminal exposure are some of the key reasons to why  the television has played a significant role in our lives. Without the television, our generation would be a lot different.

How has China been affected by globalization Essay

In the late 1970s China made perhaps its most significant strategic political manoeuvre of the 20th Century when it embarked on a series of economic reforms that embraced globalization (Bijian, 2005). Deng Xiaoping and other Chinese leaders believed that to further China’s development, participation in an open global economy would be crucial to its survival (Chow, 2002) During the three decades since these reforms China’s political and economic institutions have undergone a dramatic transition (Overholt, 2005 and Economy, 1998). China has shifted from the world’s greatest opponent of globalization into a committed member of a global economy and advocate of globalization (Overholt, 2005). The pinnacle of this transformation and China’s economic growth was its admission into to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 11 December, 2001 (Allen et al, 2006 and Fishman, 2005). Consequently, China is now subjected to international trends and forces to a degree unprecedented since 1949 (Bijian, 2005 and Chow, 2004). In this essay I will analyse the effect that globalization has had on China’s political, economic, legal and technological institutions. Furthermore, I will also analyse whether China has been forced to change to pander to the international economic community or whether it has voluntarily instituted change for its own benefit and development. However before analysing the effect that globalization has had on China it is important to understand what the term â€Å"globalisation† means. Globalisation became a buzz word in the 1990s because of its influence in creating a world in which geographic location became increasingly irrelevant (Immerfall 2006). In essence globalisation refers to the unrestricted flow of goods, capital, information, technology and people across national borders (Chow, 2005a). Globalisation is, however, by no means a new phenomenon and China has been subjected to its effects for many centuries (Alford, 1999). In fact, the effects of globalisation in China go â€Å"as far back as the Han dynasty (206BC-220AD) when trade took place between the Han Chinese and neighbouring people in the North-west through the Silk Route† (Chow, 2004: 3). Despite this, in the Qing Dynasty and the early stages of the Chinese Communist Party’s rule, right up until Deng Xiaoping’s open door policy, China tried  to close its doors and restrict the influence of globalisation (Street, 2000 and Chow 2004 and 2005a). This was not the first time that China was forced to confront and implement a national strategy to either embrace or combat the effects of globalisation. In fact, as recently as the 1990s, China was confronted by this conundrum, namely: whether to continue its global economic expansion in the face of the Asian financial crisis or to once again close it doors and retreat inwards to protect itself from the economic fallout of a struggling region (Fishman, 2005 and Nolan, 2001). However, by carefully weighing the advantages and disadvantages of economic openness the Chinese government decided to open up the Chinese economy even more, and eventually joined the World Trade Organization by implementing large economic reforms (Bijian, 2005). There is no doubting that these economic reforms and China’s embracement of globalisation has brought stunning results. Since starting to open up and reform its economy in 1978, China â€Å"has averaged 9.4 percent annual GDP growth, one of the highest growth rates in the world† (Bijian, 2005: 3). One of the reasons for the huge leaps in growth has come from direct foreign investment that has been facilitated by China’s admission to the WTO. For example, in the space of a few days in 2004, a North Korean Steel Company launched a $500 million steel project in the Dalian development zone; France’s St Gobain invested $70 million in one of its existing glass production lines in China; Germany’s Siemens opened its fortieth office in China for development of software; and Finland’s Stora Enso invested $1.6 billion in a paper pulp project in Guandong Province (Hall et al, 2004). Such results have seen China become the third largest trading country in the world and the envy of many developing economies around the world (Chow, 2005b). While such economic statistics are regularly celebrated by the Chinese government as a success of China’s inclusion into the WTO, many in China are in fact lamenting the negative effects of globalisation and the scrutiny that WTO membership has brought. In fact WTO membership came at a very high price for the domestic Chinese economy (Overholt, 2005). Throughout the 80s  and 90s China initiated structural changes such as the phasing out of direct subsidies for exports and began cutting tariffs in preparation for inclusion into the WTO (Pearson, 2001). Over the three years from 1994 to 1997, the country’s average tariff rate was lowered from about 43 to 17 per cent and at the time of China’s entry into the WTO in late 2001, the overall average was just 15 per cent. Such drastic economic changes were at the behest of the WTO and the result being that a lot of factories and domestic industries have gone bankrupt because many people prefer foreign products which ha ve become cheaper as a result of China’s inclusion into WTO (Solinger, 2005). Furthermore, Moore (2002) also argues that China’s accession into the World Trade Organization could be viewed as more beneficial to the rest of the world rather than China itself. WTO commitments made by China do not in any way protect China’s â€Å"domestic producers† and therefore the argument that that the greatest benefit of China’s WTO membership is enjoyed by foreign companies is indeed a valid one (Moore, 2002: 311). Yang (2004: 307) argues that admission into the WTO was in fact too big of a restructure step for China and continues by noting that Chinese involvement in the WTO is great for foreign companies and bad for local ones because â€Å"one of the first laws enacted† to ensure WTO membership â€Å"was designed to attract and protect investment from overseas†. It is clear that this lack of protectionism, although beneficial to the outside world, has been disrupted the income to domestic businesses. Of particular note is the fact that with China’s WTO membership foreign investors have been allowed access to markets that were previously restricted or highly regulated (Samuelson, 2004 and Pearson, 2001). These incursions have been most evident in the insurance, telecommunications, and financial industries (Prasad, 2004). Such competition is however of great benefit to the domestic Chinese consumer. In fact, fifteen years ago China barely had any mobile telecommunication services, whereas now it claims more than 300 million mobile phone subscribers, more than any other nation (Bijian, 2005). Whether this is a result of modernisation or globalisation is highly debatable, but it is clear that Chinese consumers are embracing the increase in products and services provided by many foreign companies. Other than the local businesses being hurt by foreign investments and industries, the labour market in China is also suffering from major unemployment as a result of the forces of globalisation (Chow, 2004). While entry into the WTO has in itself not created joblessness, it has however heightened a number of trends that were already underway, including accelerating the rate of insolvency of state owned enterprises. The result being the discharge of tens of millions of workers who, when they were younger, were once assured of employment by the socialist state (Economy, 1998 and Chow 2004 and 2005b). According to Prasad (2004: 6) â€Å"the unemployment problem is in fact likely to worsen over the next few years due to restructuring in the rural and state enterprise sectors†, the very type of restructuring that has been mandated upon China by the World Trade Organisation. Another cause of the unemployment problem currently facing the Chinese economy is its shift away from sunset industries such as manufacturing, mining and construction to newer industries that demand workers with specialised skills (Prasad, 2004; Solinger 2005 and Yang 2004). Similar changes are evident in China’s effort to upgrade its technology industry, which has not only involved the replacement of much unskilled labour but in many cases also reduces the need to employ as many skilled blue-collar workers (Nolan, 2001 and Economy, 1998). While this can not be directly liked to WTO membership it is clear that the forces of globalisation are having a major impact on the Chinese economy, the products it produces and its labour force. The amazing growth in China’s economy as a result of its increased participation and integration in a global economy is also having social and political consequences. Most notable a growing divide between China’s rich and poor. Obviously China would not have self imposed such drastic economic changes purely to encourage direct foreign investment to the detriment of domestic businesses, but it is clear the benefits of the global marketplace are not being shared around China’s 1.3 billion people (Solinger, 2005 and Chow, 2004). It is very much the case in China that the rich are getting  richer and the poor are just getting left behind. This is also evident in the growing regional inequalities in China. Despite the governments attempts to rectify the situation, foreign investment has continued to flow to those provinces where education levels are the highest, infrastructure most well developed and political power most concentrated (Overholt, 2005 and Economy, 1998). Moreover, while the wealthier provinces in theory pay taxes to the centre to compensate the poorer provinces, in practice this system has failed allowing corruption to flourish, resulting in power becoming de-centralised from Beijing to local authorities. Not surprisingly such inequality has contributed to serious political tension between the haves and have nots (Bijian 2005 and Economy 1998). Overholt (2005: 7) however argues that despite the growing divide between the rich and poor, the Chinese â€Å"overwhelmingly support further globalisation†. Overholt (2005: 7) asserts that â€Å"no large country in human history has ever experienced such rapid improvements in living standards and working conditions† as China has in its acceptance of adjustments to accommodate the forces of globalisation. So while the economic dividends of China’s rapid growth are not being shared equally around the country, the majority are nonetheless better off. One of the reasons for such widespread approval of the modernisation of the economy has been the upgrading of technology, especially telecommunications which has been an essential aspect of the Chinese government’s plans for continued economic growth (Chow, 2004 and 2005a and Econommy, 1998). Normally if there is general contentment among the population then this would provide little in the way of difficulties for those in power. Fred Tipson (1998: 12) however, notes a difficult conundrum for the Chinese government in their embracement of economic globalisation. â€Å"The Chinese leadership has repeatedly emphasized the central role of telecommunications and information technologies in building its modern economy†¦..on the one hand, actively promoting a modern communications infrastructure, while on the other hand, repeatedly trying to control the content and uses of the information that pulses through it.† Tipson (1998) concludes that the  communications revolution will â€Å"diminish the need or inclination of most Chinese to defer to central authority or accept routinely the government’s characterization of reality.†The Chinese government is more than aware of the threat to its power that the technological revolution and global scrutiny presents. Given the current uprisings and discontent in Tibet the government has blocked access to many websites to control the flow of information to not only its own people, but the international community (Maunder, 2008). So while the forces of globalisation may have brought prosperity to China, the Chinese government also has to work overtime to maintain its grip on power. When evaluating the impact that globalisation has had on China it is important not to lose sight of the big picture. Economic growth alone does not provide a full picture of a country’s development and despite China’s population of 1.3 billion, its China’s economy is still just one-seventh the size of the United States’ (Bijian, 2005). However, the open-door policy that was first advanced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s has been of great success in modernising China. It is true that such rapid growth has presented China with some problems, including the demise of some domestic industries, unemployment and minor political instability, however given its current path it appears that China’s rise to superpower status is inevitable. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alford, William (1999) ‘Does the rule of law really rule?’ paper presented before the Conference on Policy Reform in China, Center for Research in Economic Development and Policy Research, Standford University, November 18-20, 1999 (Online) Available from: http://www.cdy.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/11/3/287.pdf [Accessed 10th March 2008]Allen, Franklin. Jun Qian and Meijun Qian (2006), ‘China’s Financial Reform: Past, Present and Future’ in Loren Brandt and Thomas Rawski, ed. China’s Economic Transition: Origins, Mechanism, and Consequences. University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School: MimeoBijian, Zheng (2005) ‘China’s Peaceful Rise to Great-Power Status’ Foreign Affairs September/October 2005Chow, Gregory (2002) ‘China’s Economic Transformation’ Oxford: Blackwell Publishing CompanyChow, Gregory (2004) ‘Knowing China’ Singapore: World Scientific Publishing CompanyChow, Gregory (2005a) ‘Corruption and Economic Reform in the Early 21st Century’ Princeton University, California: MimeoChow, Greogry and Yan, Shen (2005b) ‘Demand for Education in China’ Princeton University, California: MimeoEconomy, Elizabeth (1998) ‘China Confronts the Challenge of Globalization’ New York: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, IncFishman, Ted (2005) ‘How the rise of the next super power challenges America and the world’ New York, N.Y.: ScribnerHall, D., Jones, R., and Raffo, C. (2004) ‘Business Studies’ 3rd Edition, Lancashire: Causeway Press LtdImerfall, Stefan (2006) ‘Territoriality in the Globalizing Society: One Place or None?’ (Online) Available from: http://www.amazon.com/Territoriality-Globalizing-Society-European-Transatlantic/dp/3540643222 [Accessed 9th March 2008]Maunder, Patricia (2008) ‘The Great Firewall of China’ The Age, March 20, 2008 (Online) Available from: http://www.theage.com.au/news/w eb/the-great-firewall-of-china/2008/03/18/1205602389513.html? [Accessed 21st March 2008]Moore, Thomas (2002) ‘China in the World Market’ New York, NY: Cambridge University PressNolan, Peter (2001) ‘China and the Global Economy: National Champions, Industrial Policy and the Big Business Revolution’ New York, N.Y: PalgraveOverholt, W (2005) ‘China and Globalization’ Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, May 19, 2005. Santa Monica, California: Rand CorporationPearson, Margaret (2001) ‘The Case of China’s Accession to the GATT/WTO’, in David M. Lampton (ed.), The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, 1978-2000 Stanford: Stanford University PressPrasad, Eswar (2004) ‘China’s Growth and Integration into the World Economy: Prospects and Challenges’ International Monetary Fund Publications, June 17, 2004. Samuelson, Paul (2004) ‘Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization’ Economic Perspectives, 18: 3 Summer, 2004Solinger, Dorothy (2005) ‘Chinese Urban Jobs and the WTO’ The China Journal, May 2005Street, N., Lynch, M and Marilyn, J (2000) ‘American Business in China: Balancing Culture and Communication (Online) Available from: http://www.cald.org/website/polparties_asia.htm [Accessed 5th March 2008]Tipson, Fred (1998) ‘China and the Information Revolution’ China Joins the World: progress and Prospects New York: Council for Foreign Relations PressYang, Dali (2003) ‘Remaking the Chinese Leviathan’ Stanford,

Free Essays on Borges And I

The theme in Borges’ Borges and I is double personality. Throughout the work Borges seems to be describing himself as a normal person and as his true self, the writer. He has a problem with this other man who he describes. In the end Borges lets him self-go and shows us the writer. In the beginning of the poem Borges gives us insight into what he likes then wittingly states, â€Å"the other man shows these likes† This means that he possibly sees himself as two different people that like the same things. He then says â€Å"but in a showy way that turns them into stagy mannerisms† that is implying that he maybe has a problem with this other man. In the middle of the writing Borges tells us how he â€Å"lets myself live, so that Borges can weave his tales and poems† meaning Borges the normal person is letting his desire for being a writer free. Towards the end of the work Borges is completely writing out of the view of himself, the writer. He ends the work with â€Å"which of us is writing this page I don’t know† that is clearly a comment of his ability of writing in another person. Borges could possibly have a mild case of schizophrenia, which actually enhances his writing.... Free Essays on Borges And I Free Essays on Borges And I The theme in Borges’ Borges and I is double personality. Throughout the work Borges seems to be describing himself as a normal person and as his true self, the writer. He has a problem with this other man who he describes. In the end Borges lets him self-go and shows us the writer. In the beginning of the poem Borges gives us insight into what he likes then wittingly states, â€Å"the other man shows these likes† This means that he possibly sees himself as two different people that like the same things. He then says â€Å"but in a showy way that turns them into stagy mannerisms† that is implying that he maybe has a problem with this other man. In the middle of the writing Borges tells us how he â€Å"lets myself live, so that Borges can weave his tales and poems† meaning Borges the normal person is letting his desire for being a writer free. Towards the end of the work Borges is completely writing out of the view of himself, the writer. He ends the work with â€Å"which of us is writing this page I don’t know† that is clearly a comment of his ability of writing in another person. Borges could possibly have a mild case of schizophrenia, which actually enhances his writing....

Definition and Examples of Agrammatism

Definition and Examples of Agrammatism Definition Broadly defined, agrammatism is the pathological inability to use words in grammatical sequence. Agrammatism is associated with Brocas aphasia, and there are numerous theories regarding its cause. Adjective: agrammatic. According to Anna Basso and Robert Cubelli, The most evident characteristic of agrammatism is the omission of function words and affixes, at least in those languages that allow it; simplification of the grammatical structures and disproportionate difficulty in retrieval of verbs are also common (Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 1999). At this time, says  Mary-Louise Kean, there are no closed issues or resolved  problems in the linguistic and psycholinguistic analysis of agrammatism . . .. The field of study, instead, is fraught with controversy (Agrammatism,  2013). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Assemblage ErrorDysfluency Hyperbaton and Inversion NeurolinguisticsSVO (Subject-Verb-Object)Word Salad Examples and Observations Agrammatism is  a disorder that leads to difficulties with sentences. These difficulties can relate both to the correct comprehension and the correct production of sentences. That these difficulties occur at the sentence level is evident from the fact that word comprehension and production can be relatively spared.(The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders, ed. by  Raymond D. Kent. The MIT Press, 2004)[Agrammatism is a]  symptom of aphasia in which the patient has trouble producing well-formed words and grammatical sentences, and trouble understanding sentences whose meanings depend on their syntax, such as The dog was tickled by the cat.(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. HarperCollins, 1999) The Most Salient Feature of AgrammatismThe most salient feature of agrammatism  is the relative omission of grammatical morphemes in spontaneous production. Descriptions of the disorder have emphasized these omissions, pointing out that in its most severe form speech can consist of single words (primarily nouns) separated by pauses (e.g., Goodglass, 1976).  If it were the case that all agrammatic speech  consisted only of nouns bounded by pauses, it would not be difficult to provide a definition of the elements that are omitted. However, most agrammatic patients produce speech that consists of short sequences of words, characterized by the omission of some grammatical markers, giving the impression of syntactically impoverished utterances. The critical question is how the omission of these elements should best be characterized.(Alfonso Caramazza and Rita Sloan Berndt, A Multicomponent Deficit View of Agrammatic Brocas Aphasia. Agrammatism, ed. by  Mary-Louise Kean. Academic Press, 2013) Telegraphic SpeechThe English language has a relatively constrained canonical sentence order: subject, then verb, then object (SVO). Varying that order carries grammatical meaning (e.g., passive). Grammatically speaking, Standard American English (SAE) contains a sizable number of free-standing functor words (i.e., grammatical words) and limited inflections. Inflections generally mark tense and plurality in SAE, and, except for irregular forms, are added to the root word without altering the original word structure. Thus, in a sentence like, She is speaking, is is a free functor, whereas -ing is an inflection that marks present continuity.Agrammatism in English manifests itself primarily as the omission of, or substitution for, functors. Agrammatic speakers of English preserve word order, but omit free functors, like is, and inflections, like -ing, while retaining a telegraphic skeleton (She speak). The agrammatic speaker is thus able to produce a degree of connected speech but is m issing some required grammatical information.(OConnor, B., Anema, I., Datta, H., Singnorelli, and T., Obler, L. K., Agrammatism: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective, The ASHA Leader, 2005) Pronunciation: ah-GRAM-ah-tiz-em

Article on Demand and Supply Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article on Demand and Supply Model - Essay Example Nevertheless, one of the major reasons behind these frequent price hikes is increase in global cotton demand by textile firms (after improvement in global economic outlook), which is not matched due to shortfalls in supply after reduction in global cotton production. The cotton (and yarn) prices at New York cotton market have been increasing due to this demand / supply imbalance that subsequently lead to increase in prices of finished products (readymade garments, unstitched cloth, towels etc.). It is worth mentioning that there are three major cotton growing nations / producers in the world namely Pakistan, India and China. The flooding in Pakistan followed by bad weather in China and India led to depletion of cotton crops. Consequently, the cumulative global production figures came down, while the demand side recorded strong recovery since this is considered as the beginning to the end-of-recession. The high demand then pushes prices upward in New York market, where prices of cotto n futures have already touched record peaks. Indeed, the upward trend in prices started from July 2010 and over 80% increment was recorded till November 2010.

The Wyre School Sport Partnership Programme The Changing Role of the Essay

The Wyre School Sport Partnership Programme The Changing Role of the Physical Education Teacher - Essay Example The programme illustrates the government's attempts to create a collaborative approach between the Department of Culture, Media and Sport and the Department of Education and Skills, as well as other key agencies. The emphasis on such initiatives has gained momentum only since 1990's. There have been major investments made in sport in schools, which reflect a commitment from the Blair and Major governments. The success of this programme rests to a large extent, with the PE teachers who serve as a distribution channel for this initiative. Their new role as School Sport Co-ordinator confers on them, managerial and leadership responsibilities that they have not handled before. How PE teachers perceive their new role, their reactions and reflections, will impact the success of the implementation process of the School Sport Partnership Programme. The challenge that is posed for the PE teacher in the changed scenario is to not just supervise lessons, but also promote physical education to students. If PE staff is to work as a catalyst to ensure the success of this initiative, then they need to be encouraged to adopt a broader view of physical activity behaviour and understand their role in PE promotion. This calls for a study that will generate ideas to help PE staff don on the new role, and will provide an insight into PE staff's ability to manage change and successfully accomplish the conferred responsibility of leadership. To obtain an insight into the perceptions of the PE staff, and understand how the interpretation of the policy by PE staff impacts the realization of School Sport Partnership Programme's objectives, a qualitative research is proposed at the Wyre School. The study will be ethnographic in nature, based on interviews and data gathered through observations. The study will also influence my own role as a Partnership Development Manager by offering an insight into the motivations of the team that I work with, which will help in better management of the team to achieve common goals. The final research report will be presented in the form of a thesis. Review of Literature Sport Partnership Programmes The School Sport Partnership Programme is the government's initiative designed to raise standards in schools through an improved and coordinated delivery of PE and sport. School Sport Partnerships bring together multiple schools, clubs, local authorities, national governing bodies of sport and other community organisations under one umbrella, to provide opportunities in sport for students. Thus it increases sporting opportunities for young people by linking school PE and sporting opportunities in the community. The philosophy guiding the initiation of this programme is that of social inclusion, which encourages participation in sports of all young people, and especially those who have been under represented. It is planned that by 2006, every school in England will be part of one of 400 partnerships. The partnership comprises: Full time Partnership Development Manager (PDM) Teachers from secondary school who take on the role of the School Sport Co-ordinator (SSCOs) (allocated two days a week) Teacher from primary school to become